Introduction: This paper summarizes different conditions, which have a well-known influence on the resorption of tooth roots. It also highlights factors important for individual susceptibility to root resorption. Furthermore, the paper focuses on idiopathic root resorption where the provoking factor is not known. The Hypothesis: The several different disturbances causing root resorption can be either orthodontically provoked or acquired by trauma, virus or congenital diseases. It is presumed that all these conditions lead to inflammatory processes in the three main tissue layers, comprising the peri-root sheet. Evaluation of the Hypothesis: This paper explains how different etiologies behind root resorption and how different phenotypic traits in root resorption can be understood from immunohistochemical studies of the human periodontal membrane close to the root and thus, gain a new understanding of the phenomenon of root resorption.

Introduction: Nanobacteria (calcifying nanoparticles, nanobes) are one of the most controversial issues in contemporary biology. Studies show accumulating evidence on association of nanobacteria with pathologic calcifications such as kidney stone, arterial plaque, calcification of coronary arteries, and cardiac valves calculus. The Hypothesis: Nanobacteria can tolerate harsh conditions extremely well. The apatite mineral layer around the organism and slow metabolism is likely to be the reason for the resistance of nanobacteria. They showed a wide resistance to the several disinfecting and sterilizating chemicals as well as autoclaving, ultraviolet light, microwaves, heating and drying treatments. Hence, it seems logic to postulate that hazardous diseases can be easily transmitted via nanobacterial contamination of medical and dental equipment. Evaluation of the Hypothesis: It is not enough to claim an agent not living according to the standard view on living creatures, as irrelevant to biological safety of cell cultures, or to human and animal health. Although the nature of prions is still under debate and prions are classified as nonliving, they exist and cause diseases, and thus form a serious risk for animal and human health. The risk was recognized only after enormous economical losses. It appears that nanobacteria situation is rather similar, except the fact that nanobacteria appear to cause or contribute to common hazardous diseases of the mankind. Hence, world-widely well-known organizations such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and the World Health Organization should pay more attention to transmission of hazardous diseases via nanobacterial contamination of medical and dental equipment.

Introduction: Aim of this retrospective study is to bibliometricaly analyze dental activity of five countries with the highest growth rate of scientific publication in 2011. Materials and Methods: To evaluate dental activity SCImago journal and country rank were used. Searches were done in all categories of dentistry subject area in Feb 2013. Number of published articles, number of citations, number of self-citation, number of international collaborations and H index were used as bibliometric variables. Countries with more than 5% increase in the number of published articles in 2011 were included in the study. Results: For showing the way of differences between countries, we have presented the trend graphs according to the number of dental articles, number of citations, number of self-citations, and number of international collaborations for each country. Discussion: India has the most published dental articles. Yet, its number of citations and H index are not the first. China has the largest number of citations and international collaborations. Spain and South Korea have the highest H index. Thus far, they have the highest mean of self-citation. Scientific output has grown 11 times faster in Iran than the world average. Yet, its dental activity is generally lower than other growing countries in the area of knowledge creation.

The utilization of dental implants became a scientifically accepted treatment modality for the rehabilitation of fully and partially edentulous patients. The evolution of dental implants has completely changed dentistry. Implants can offer a number of benefits, from improved esthetics, to reducing bone loss, to improving denture retention for edentulous patients. Branemark et al., was the first person to examined submerged titanium implants with a machined surface in dogs and later called this procedure as osseointegration, which is now defined as "A direct structural and functional connection between ordered, living bone and the surface of a load-bearing implant." Commercially pure titanium is recognized today as a material of choice, since it is characterized by excellent biological and also good mechanical properties. In this comprehensive review, authors have sought to explore various biological aspects of dental implant as pertinent to clinical procedure so as to provide research foundation for the establishment of suitable strategies that can assist in successful implant therapy.

Introduction: In recent years, enhancements in implants have made their use possible as a mode of absolute anchorage in orthodontic patients. In this paper, the authors have introduced an innovative technique to unilaterally distalize the upper left 1 ^st molar to obtain an ideal Class I molar relationship from a Class II existing molar relationship with an indigenous designed distalizer. Clinical Innovation: For effective unilateral diatalization of molar, a novel cantilever sliding jig assembly was utilized with coil spring supported by a buccally placed single micro implant. The results showed 3 mm of bodily distalization with 1 mm of intrusion and 2° of distal tipping of upper left 1 ^st molar in 1.5 months. Discussion: This appliance is relatively easy to insert, well-tolerated, and requires minimal patient cooperation compared to other present techniques of molar distalization. Moreover, it is particularly useful in cases that are Class II on one side and Class I on the other, with a minor midline discrepancy and nominal overjet. Patient acceptance level was reported to be within patients physiological and comfort limits.

Introduction: The management and long-term retention of molars exhibiting furcation invasion have always been a challenge in dentistry. Latest innovations in dental sciences and higher patient's expectations have led to more conservative treatment approaches in saving the teeth with hopeless periodontal prognosis. When periodontal disease affects the furcation area of tooth, the chance of its exfoliation increase considerably. Here, authors have sought to discuss a comprehensive review of literature with case report for the management of decayed mandibular first molars (with furcation invasion) using bicuspidization procedure. Case Report: The furcation defect (in mandibular first molars) was clinically detected in a middle aged male, which was converted into two bicuspids by intentional bisection procedures. The definitive treatment included restoration with double crowns. Bicuspidization procedure with double metal crowns truly yielded a satisfactory result. Discussion: The treatment of furcations affected by periodontal disease is one of the most difficult problems for the general dentist and periodontist. An increase in the exposed root surface, anatomical peculiarities and irregularities of the furcation surface all favor the growth of bacteria. These problems make it harder for the patient to maintain hygiene, and impede adequate treatment. Bisection/bicuspidization of the decayed molars can be a practicable treatment option when there is vertical bone loss involving root/roots with furcation defect. In real terms, it is the separation of mesial and distal roots of mandibular molars along with its crown portion, where both segments are then retained individually.

Introduction: Winged maxillary incisors are a well-recognized clinical finding, which can result in psychological trauma to children at growing age. Interceptive treatment is usually carried out in mixed dentition period in order to reduce the severity of a developing malocclusion in future. Case Report: This paper reports a case of 6-years-old female patient with winged maxillary central incisor being treated with derotation technique using the beggs brackets along with nance palatal arch space maintainer. Discussion: The major advantages in carrying out this treatment with fixed brackets are the ease with which the force magnitude and vector can be controlled much more precisely than with a removable appliance, minimal discomfort to the patient and reduces the need for patient co-operation.